Biology
Signal Transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell via a series of molecular events, ultimately causing a cellular response.
Detailed Explanation
Signal transduction pathways are the mechanism by which peptides exert their biological effects. Key pathways include cAMP/PKA (activated by GHRH analogues), JAK/STAT (activated by growth hormone and cytokine receptors), PI3K/Akt (activated by IGF-1 and insulin), and MAPK/ERK (activated by growth factors). Understanding these pathways is essential for peptide mechanism analysis.