Biology
AMPK
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor that activates catabolic pathways and inhibits anabolic pathways when cellular energy is low.
Detailed Explanation
AMPK is activated when the AMP/ATP ratio rises (energy depletion). It stimulates fatty acid oxidation, glucose uptake, and mitochondrial biogenesis while inhibiting lipogenesis and protein synthesis. MOTS-c activates AMPK to produce exercise-mimetic effects. AICAR directly activates AMPK without exercise. Metformin, a common anti-diabetic drug, also works through AMPK activation.